"The Best Presidential Biographies"
A collection of ratings and reviews of Presidential biographies for (nearly) every US President.
From the author's about page:
Given my fascination with the presidency and love of great writing, in 2010 I began collecting the best biographies of each of the presidents. In late 2012 I embarked on a quest to read them all – beginning with George Washington.
This site was initially created to log my journey and organize my thoughts. But 260 presidential biographies later it has evolved into something a bit larger…
I finished my first pass through the presidents on Presidents’ Day 2019 – after six fascinating years. Now I’m reading presidential biographies from my follow-up list as well as great biographies of non-presidents.
Describing the rating methodology:
Ratings are on a scale of 0 to 5 stars, with equal weight given to my subjective assessment of: (1) how enjoyable the biography was to read and (2) the biography’s historical value (including comprehensive coverage and critical analysis of its subject).
"It’s official: Research has found that libraries make everything better."
Far from an earthshaking study in its breadth and depth, but it's good to see and hopefully it will drive some greater awareness and investment.
Science has backed up what many of us have long been saying: the library rocks. A study from the New York Public Library surveyed 1,974 users on how the library makes them feel and how it affects their lives, and the results are overwhelmingly positive.
The researchers' analysis (which used positive psychology's PERMA model, if that means anything to you) discovered that libraries are good for people, their well-being, and their communities. Not only that, but the positive societal impacts are more pronounced in lower-income communities, even more reason to make sure we're funding and supporting libraries. Don't let the ghosts of Reagan and Thatcher tell you otherwise, government can help people!
"The woman who revolutionized the fantasy genre is finally getting her due"
Think of your favorite fantasy or science fiction novel. You'll know the author and title, of course. But can you think of its editor or publisher?
In publishing, the people who work behind the scenes rarely get their due. But on Oct. 1, 2024, at least, one industry pioneer got the limelight. On that day, PBS aired "Judy-Lynn del Rey: The Galaxy Gal," the first episode of its new documentary series "Renegades," which highlights little-known historical figures with disabilities.
A woman with dwarfism, Judy-Lynn del Rey was best known for founding Del Rey Books, a science fiction and fantasy imprint that turned fantasy in particular into a major publishing category.
Good morning from SeaTac airport
I got up even earlier than I had planned because I was within an hour of my alarm and at that point my body won't let me go back to sleep. So here I am, mildly caffeinated, and sitting at a power outlet for a few hours before my flight.
On Psychology & a Rewrite
Last night, as I was tweaking Glowbug code, I began thinking I might just need to start new on the backend. The current system is five years old at this point and while it is still quite serviceable, there are also quality of life things I need to work on which I keep putting off because I just don't want to wade into the code.
The irony, of course, being that a complete rewrite would be magnitudes more work.
Brains are funny that way.
Flight Entertainment
As mentioned, I am at the airport with a day of travel ahead of me. I've loaded up on entertainment so expect some reviews once I land:
Movies & TV
- MAX's Chernobyl - I didn't watch it when it came out, but I've finally relented and have it downloaded
- Dropout's recent episodes - I watch most Dropout shows and I'm behind from this past week
Podcast
- Worlds Beyond Number - I listen to this amazing podcast on and off, mostly off. But I've got ten episodes downloaded in case I decide to binge it while I fly.
Books
Too many. I'll list some, but I checked last night and I carry nearly 3 gigs of ebooks on my reader.
- The Shortest History of Economics by Andrew Leigh [currently reading and enjoying]
- How to Clone a Mammoth by Beth Shapiro
- Reality is Not What it Seems by Carlo Rovelli
- The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs by Steve Brusatte
- This Strange Eventful History by Claire Messud
- Contagious: Why Things Catch On by Jonah Berger
- A Beautifully Foolish Endeavor by Hank Green
- The Light Ages: The Surprising Story of Medieval Science by Seb Falk
- Bear: Myth, Animal, Icon by Wolf Storl
Really, the list goes on. I am an eclectic reader and I have an addiction to acquiring ebooks for my virtual library.
And now I must go in search of more caffeine.
Revising my 2024 Reading Goal
Coming into 2024 I resolved to read more books. I do read, and probably more than the majority of people, but nowhere near as much as I want to. I enjoy reading. But it is a constant battle against the Internet. So, making it a priority for this year is a thing I want to do.
I came in with the ambitious goal of reading 50 books this year, however I realized that this doesn't incentivize me the way I want. I've come to enjoy reading a lot more once I realized I can stop reading books when they stop being enjoyable or being worth the effort. And by making my goal 50 books, that pushes me not to quit books and thus makes picking up a book to read much more important.
First was "Our Oldest Companions" by Pat Shipman, which is a book looking at the history of humans and dogs. An interesting read, but I found it plodding at points and ultimately fell off. I had thought the book would be much more behavioral, and it does touch on that, but it is very focused on the transition point of wolves to dogs, and that as it turns out is not as interesting for me.
Second was a fiction novel which I'll admit I picked off of BookTok. "People from my Neighborhood" by Hiromi Kawakami. The pitch didn't reveal the true nature of the book, which I am glad for, despite it not being my cup of tea.
So, given that I'm in the third week of the year and I have abandoned two books already, it's clear that I need to change.
The current goal means I have to pick books which are ones I "have" to finish. And that isn't feasible. I need fluidity and flexibility.
Given this, I'm revising my goal. Rather than books, my goal is pages. If I arbitrarily set an average book length of 300 pages, then that translates 50 books into 15,000 pages this year. I tracked how far I got into each of the abandoned books, as well as the book I already finished. And it puts me at around 525 pages so far this year, which is a little behind pace for what I need for 15,000 pages. But is directionally where I want to be and so I feel good about it.
I've since finally dipped my toe in to Terry Pratchett's Discworld as I'm now reading Guards! Guards! and quite enjoying it. Additionally, I am working through an an audiobook called Scarcity Brain by Michael Easter. It's definitely infotainment, but I've taken a few interesting tidbits away from it. I'm glad I'm taking it as an audiobook, I think if I had read it as a book I would have bounced off at a few portions.
A reading guide for Frank Herbert & Dune
Originally I found this on Facebook. Linked the original thread on Reddit for those curious. Of the following options, I lean towards #1 or #3. It's been a longtime since I read God Emperor of Dune, maybe it's time I go back and do this four-book run again...
But seriously, don't read the Brian Herbert books. The ROI is very low.

"Requiem for the American Dream" book review
I haven't read the book yet, it's on my virtual stack to get to eventually. I did enjoy this review of it though.
Ours Was the Shining Future, Leonhardt’s first book, is an attempt to explain what happened. His take, which I believe is correct, is that democratic capitalism (defined as “a system in which the government recognises its crucial role in guiding the economy”) has since the 1970s given way to a laissez-faire free-for-all in which corporations and short-termism rule. In this world, he writes, “there is no longer a mass movement focused on improving economic outcomes for most Americans. The country’s largest activist groups, on both the left and the right, are focused on other subjects.”
How did we get here? In Leonhardt’s analysis, changes to three things — political power, culture and investment — mean that average, working Americans have been left behind. Since the late 1960s, the “old labor” of the New Deal has been hijacked by a new and more entitled “Brahmin left”, increasingly made up of college-educated elites that talk down to workers rather than with them. In a country that fundamentally skews more socially conservative, the Democratic party has also become too radically progressive on social issues such as abortion, immigration and LGBTQ rights.
Because of this, they have lost the electoral votes needed to push through badly needed economic policies such as long-term public investment, as well as more progressive taxation, plus healthcare and educational reform, that would temper rising inequality. Add in a “greed is good” culture of self-interest and global market forces pushing only what’s good for the quarter, and you get a country in decline.
A Collection of University Press Websites
I'm a book nerd. I don't read nearly enough for as much as I enjoy books. I've had Harvard University Press' recent releases bookmarked for a while. Tonight I went through and bookmarked some of the other top English University Press websites so I can check in on new publications that might be interesting.
"Braille Is Alive, Well, and Ever-Evolving"
A few times a day, a strange, pulsating sound fills the Boston headquarters of the National Braille Press. Thun-thun. Thun-thun. This is what employees of the nonprofit braille publisher call the office's "braille heartbeat," generated by an assortment of printing presses—50-year-old Heidelbergs and modern big-roll embossers alike—pumping away in the basement, producing books and other reading materials for blind readers.
What a fantastic opening for this article. I have to admit, I conceptually knew how braille was printed, but this makes me realize what it must be like, and that it is small printers who make their things.
Secondly, the mention of 'Heidelbergs' makes me think of Catch Me If You Can and DiCaprio's character working the printing shop in France.
The number of new books varies each year because Wilson, who said she's "deeply connected" to the community NBP serves, commissions titles based on "actual demand." When she has an idea for a book, she speaks with NBP authors and readers to gauge whether it would meet an immediate need. As a result, NBP has become known for its technology books, which include manuals for various software, operating systems, apps, and devices, as well as lifestyle titles on topics including cooking, fitness, and online dating. Recently, NBP published a guide to emoji, reproducing 97 face emoji as tactile graphics to help blind readers identify the differences among them, which "can be as subtle as a lifted eyebrow," Wilson said.
And another fascinating callout:
"To call hard-copy braille bulky is an understatement," he said. "It takes several hulking volumes in braille to reproduce what in print would be an unassuming paperback." For reference, NBP's braille edition of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows comprised 12 volumes, totaled 1,100 pages, and weighed 12 pounds.
Really fascinating article and well worth the read.
What I'm Reading
Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA, and the Secret History of the Sixties
By: Tom O'Neill
A journalist's twenty-year fascination with the Manson murders leads to "gobsmacking" (The Ringer) new revelations about the FBI's involvement in this "kaleidoscopic" (The New York Times) reassessment of an infamous case in American history.
I started this a while ago and then got distracted by another book. I've come back to it and am just beginning to dive in.
How to Be Perfect
By: Michael Schur
From the creator of The Good Place and the cocreator of Parks and Recreation, a hilarious, thought-provoking guide to living an ethical life, drawing on 2,400 years of deep thinking from around the world.
This one is my current audiobook. I had started it also a while ago and stopped thinking I wanted to delve deeper with the audiobook. But when I saw it available as a library audiobook I decided to go with it.
Braiding Sweetgrass
By: Robin Wall Kimmerer
Drawing on her life as an indigenous scientist, and as a woman, Kimmerer shows how other living beings—asters and goldenrod, strawberries and squash, salamanders, algae, and sweetgrass—offer us gifts and lessons, even if we've forgotten how to hear their voices.
Another I had started as an audiobook but I didn't manage to finish it before it was returned to the library, and it hasn't been available for me when I've wanted it since then (everytime it came up I was in the middle of another book.) So, this week I picked up a physical copy from Barnes & Noble.
Others On Deck
These are books that are at the top of my unread pile. Will they actually be next? No idea.
- The Three Body Problem by Cixin Liu and Ken Liu - Another I had begun as an audiobook and quickly realized the book required more focus and attention from me.
- The Climate Book by Greta Thunberg - We just had the hottest week ever, I don't think we can consume too much information about what is going on and what needs to be done.
- Checkmate in Berlin by Giles Milton - Honestly, this is one I picked up months ago and then the physical book got buried and I lost track of it.
And then this is what the most recent books are in my ebook library:

Just Finished Reading
This past week I finished both the book I've been reading and the audiobook I have listened to while in the car.
Blood of Tyrants by Naomi Novik, #8 in the Temeraire series
I've gone through this series entirely as audiobooks from my library. I enjoyed it, as I'm invested in the main characters though this may have been my least favorite of the series. It just felt slow and plodding, and it felt like it was largely there to do set up for the finale in the next book.
Tsalmoth by Steven Brust, #16 in the Vlad series
I've read this series since I was in middle school. I can remember the first book being suggested to me by a clerk at a small bookstore and I've kept up on it ever since. The series is not written sequentially, and this book jumps back a fair bit of time, introduces a new over-the-top story which happens to the main characters - but then undercuts it at the end, to explain why it hasn't been something that comes up in any stories which take place afterwards chronologically.
Both of these books were entertaining, and I'm glad to have enjoyed them, but neither blew my socks off.
Beaverland: How One Weird Rodent Made America by Leila Philip
This is what I've just started and I'm too early into it to say much, but it's interesting so far.
Blurb from Amazon:
The New York Times Editors' Choice
NPR Science Friday Book Club Selection An intimate and revelatory dive into the world of the beaver—the wonderfully weird rodent that has surprisingly shaped American history and may save its ecological future.
From award-winning writer Leila Philip, BEAVERLAND is a masterful work of narrative science writing, a book that highlights, though history and contemporary storytelling, how this weird rodent plays an oversized role in American history and its future. She follows fur trappers who lead her through waist high water, fur traders and fur auctioneers, as well as wildlife managers, PETA activists, Native American environmental vigilantes, scientists, engineers, and the colorful group of activists known as beaver believers.
Beginning with the early trans-Atlantic trade in North America, Leila Philip traces the beaver’s profound influence on our nation’s early economy and feverish western expansion, its first corporations and multi-millionaires. In her pursuit of this weird and wonderful animal, she introduces us to people whose lives are devoted to the beaver, including a Harvard scientist from the Blackfeet Reservation in Montana, who uses drones to create 3-dimensional images of beaver dams; and an environmental restoration consultant in the Chesapeake whose nickname is the “beaver whisperer”.
What emerges is a poignant personal narrative, a startling portrait of the secretive world of the contemporary fur trade, and an engrossing ecological and historical investigation of these heroic animals who, once trapped to the point of extinction, have returned to the landscape as one of the greatest conservation stories of the 20th century. Beautifully written and impeccably researched, BEAVERLAND reveals the profound ways in which one odd creature and the trade surrounding it has shaped history, culture, and our environment.
Five Books.com
Awesome site I discovered with lots and lots of book recommendations. Not that I am struggling for things to read, I have plenty, but I always appreciate more books.
New York Public Library researchers find that up to 75% of books published before 1964 may be in the public domain
... According to Greg Cram, associate general counsel and director of information policy at NYPL, an initial overview of books published in that period shows that around 65 to 75 percent of rights holders opted not to renew their copyrights.
"That's sort of a staggering figure," Cram told Motherboard. "That's 25 to 35 percent of books that were renewed, while the rest were not. That's interesting for me as we think about copyright policy going forward."
Cram warns that since the project is still ongoing, the data may ultimately come out to be slightly more or slightly less, and that NYPL hasn't even begun to dive into films, music, or other types of creative works. But these early findings could help lawmakers craft copyright policies from an evidence-based standpoint that wasn't easily accessible in the past.
"Folks need to understand that this data is really important to the record of American creativity," he added. "It is the history of American creativity. To some extent, it is a great record of American creativity, and I think that the data should be usable not just by us, by the libraries, but by everyone. I think it belongs to the people and is the people's data."
Currently Reading & Virtual Tsundoku
I've got a handful of books in progress and wanted to share them:
A series of afro-futuristic short stories. I'm about a third of the way through and greatly enjoying it. Given that it is a series of disconnected short stories, I'm doling them out and jumping to other books for periods so I don't burn through it.
I read a wonderful one last night, "A Dream of Electric Mothers" by Wole Talabi. Definitely powerful and going to stick with me.
Raising Them Right is not what I would consider a fun read. It's a delve into the stories of the political Right in the US. For example, the first chapter is a brief look at Turning Point USA's Charlie Kirk's background and story that led him to being the figure for the Right he currently is.
I haven't actually started this one yet. It's the third in the series; I listened to the first two last year during commuting. A post yesterday by Cory Doctorow reminded me about the series. I hopped into the Libby mobile app and checked out the audiobook to return to the series.
Virtual Tsundoku

I have a lot of ebooks to read eventually. Here is a quick overview of the latest ebooks I have added onto my stack of books to read eventually. I've added all of these in the past month. There are more books I have yet to read, but this is just the top of the stack.
- How the Word is Passed by Clint Smith
- Alternatives to Capitalism by Robin Hahnel and Erik Olin Wright
- The Comfort Crisis by Michael Easter
- Rationality by Steven Pinker
- What We Owe The Future by William MacAskill
- Encounters With the Archdruid by John McPhee
- The Girl Who Circumnavigated Fairyland by Catherynne M. Valente & Ana Juan
- Shrines of Gaiety by Kate Atkinson
- Trust by Hernan Diaz
- An Immense World by Ed Yong
- Will Do Magic For Small Change by Andrea Hairston
- Of Boys And Men by Richard V. Reeves
- The Economic Weapon by Nicholas Mulder
- Streets of Gold by Ram Abramitzky & Leah Boustan
- Journey of Humanity by Oded Galor
- Chip War by Chris Miller
- Health Communism by Beatrice Adler-Bolton & Artie Vierkant
- Index, A History of the by Dennis Duncan
- Sitting Pretty by Rebekah Taussig
- Count to a Trillion by John C. Wright (as well as books 2 and 3 of the series)
- Beaver Land by Leila Philip
- Act of Oblivion by Robert Harris
- Friday Black by Nana Kwame Adjei-Brenyah
Books that entered the public domain
LitHub with a good list of some notable books that are now in the public domain.
Obama's Books of the Year
I always look forward to sharing my lists of favorite books, movies, and music with all of you.
First up, here are some of the books I read and enjoyed this year. Let me know which books I should check out in 2023.
- "The Light We Carry" by Michelle Obama
- "Sea of Tranquility" by Emily St. John Mandel
- "Trust" by Hernan Diaz
- "The Revolutionary Samuel Adams" by Stacy Schiff
- "The Furrows: A Novel" by Namwali Serpell
- "South to America: A Journey Below the Mason-Dixon to Understand the Soul of a Nation" by Imani Perry
- "The School for Good Mothers" by Jessamine Chan
- "Black Cake" by Charmaine Wilkerson
- "Ducks Two Years in the Oil Sands" by Kate Beaton
- "An Immense World: How Animal Senses Reveal the Hidden Realms Around Us" by Ed Yong
- "Liberation Day" by George Saunders
- "The Candy House" by Jennifer Egan
- "Afterlives" by Abdulrazak Gurnah

My 2022 Books
January
- Throne of Jade by Naomi Novik [Fantasy, historical fiction] - Audiobook that is the 2nd in the series of historical fiction about a British sailor and his pet dragon.
February
- Winter's Orbit by Everina Maxwell [Sci-fi, mystery, LGBTQ+] A story involving politics and personal romance between two men. I quite enjoyed it.
March
- The Hail Mary Project by Andy Weir [Sci-fi] - I absolutely loved this book by Weir, have been recommending it to anyone who would listen.
- The Storyteller by Dave Grohl [Autobiography, music] - I really enjoyed this autobiography, and I think the audiobook made it even better.
April
- Sleeping Giants by Sylvain Neuvel [Sci-fi] - A sci-fi audiobook about Earth discovering significant alien technology on the planet and how it changes the world.
- The Infinite Game by Simon Sinek [Business, self help] - I like the clips of Sinek speaking, but I fell out of the book about a quarter of the way through.
May
I bounced off a number of books without committing to any of them as I focused more heavily on various projects and other things this month.
June
- Good to Great by Jim Collins [Business] - An interesting business novel looking at cases where companies raise to the next level.
- How to be Perfect by Michael Schur [Philosophy] - A philosophy book written by the guy behind The Good Place, inspired by and derived from the work he did learning philosophy and studying it in preparation of that show. It's good, I didn't finish it, but I did enjoy it.
July
- There are Places in the World Where Rules are Less Important than Kindness by Carlo Rovelli [Essays, non-fiction] - Overall it was fine, I ended up dropping the audiobook after the fifth essay or so I think.
- Conquest of Happiness by Bertrand Russell [Philosophy] - I was curious to check it out as I have only read excerpts of his writing. Unfortunately I found his writing long winded and bloviating, as well as out of date socially. Unquestionably brilliant, but I decided I had better ways to spend my time.
August
- Daily Rituals: How Artists Work by Mason Curreyy [Nonfiction] - Short pieces about the various daily habits of various artists.
- Sleeper Agent: The Atomic Spy in America Who Got Away [Nonfiction, history, Cold War] by Ann Hagedorn - I really enjoyed this book as an interesting look at US history.
September
- August Kitko and the Mechas from Space by Alex White [Sci-fi, space opera, LGBTQ+] - Alex is a friend of mine and I loved diving into their book. It was like reading neon pink colors mixed with giant mech robots. All for it and can't wait for their next book.
- The City & The City by China Mieville [Fiction, mystery] - I like it, but I think it's an example where I want to read this one in paper and I have it as an ebook.
October
- The Ministry for the Future by Kim Stanley Robinson [Sci-fi, near future, climate change] - It was a hard book to get into, but I'm very glad I stuck with it and finished it as I found it a very rewarding and enjoyable book once I got into it.
November
- Daisy Jones & The Six by Taylor Jenkins Reid [Fiction, music] - A quick read, written like a transcript from a documentary about musicians and their story.
December
- Slouching Towards Utopia by J. Bradford Delong [Nonfiction, economics, sociology] - I'm still reading this one, but I found the preface / intro very interesting and compelling for how it frames the Industrial Revolution in the history of the world.
- The Decline of Magic by Michael Hunter [history] - Just started this last night, it's interesting so far. Curious to get further into it.
Edit: Added August Kitko by Alex White, which I missed in my initial review of the year.
Uhhh, I just looked and saw I've added 105 ebooks to my library and kindle THIS year. By my count I've read 11 of them.
I'm never going to catch up at this rate!
An account of the Battle of Flodden in 1513 is the earliest surviving example of printed news in Britain

What I'm Reading - Aug. 1
Just Finished
Daily Rituals: How Artists Work by Mason Curreyy - Bite sized entries of varying size and depth about many famous artists and people of all sorts. It's infotainment. There were no real major insights or realizations, but it was interesting and fun to read.
Currently Consuming
Sleeper Agent: The Atomic Spy in America Who Got Away by Ann Hagedorn - Still early into it, but it's interesting and providing context to the era, the Cold War, and the cultures in their respective countries.
This “historical page-turner of the highest order” (The Wall Street Journal) tells the chilling story of an American-born Soviet spy in the atom bomb project in World War II, perfect for fans of The Americans.
George Koval was born in Iowa. In 1932, his parents, Russian Jews who had emigrated because of anti-Semitism, decided to return home to live out their socialist ideals. George, who was as committed to socialism as they were, went with them. There, he was recruited by the Soviet Army as a spy and returned to the US in 1940. A gifted science student, he enrolled at Columbia University, where he knew scientists soon to join the Manhattan Project, America’s atom bomb program. After being drafted into the US Army, George used his scientific background and connections to secure an assignment at a site where plutonium and uranium were produced to fuel the atom bomb. There, and later in a second top-secret location, he had full access to all facilities, and he passed highly sensitive information to Moscow.
Dopamine Nation: Finding Balance in the Age of Indulgence by Ann Lembke - Listening to this audiobook. Came to it after hearing her interview on Tim Ferriss' podcast. I've got the audiobook checked out and need to get back to listening to it.
This book is about pleasure. It’s also about pain. Most important, it’s about how to find the delicate balance between the two, and why now more than ever finding balance is essential. We’re living in a time of unprecedented access to high-reward, high-dopamine stimuli: drugs, food, news, gambling, shopping, gaming, texting, sexting, Facebooking, Instagramming, YouTubing, tweeting....
The increased numbers, variety, and potency is staggering. The smartphone is the modern-day hypodermic needle, delivering digital dopamine 24/7 for a wired generation. As such we’ve all become vulnerable to compulsive overconsumption.
Think Like a Rocket Scientist by Ozan Varol - Another Audiobook I have checked out from the library, just started it on the drive home this evening as I wasn't in the mood for Dopamine Nation. Still in the intro but enjoying it.
A former rocket scientist reveals the habits, ideas, and strategies that will empower you to turn the seemingly impossible into the possible.
Rocket science is often celebrated as the ultimate triumph of technology. But it's not. Rather, it's the apex of a certain thought process -- a way to imagine the unimaginable and solve the unsolvable. It's the same thought process that enabled Neil Armstrong to take his giant leap for mankind, that allows spacecraft to travel millions of miles through outer space and land on a precise spot, and that brings us closer to colonizing other planets.
Fortunately, you don't have to be a rocket scientist to think like one.
Next Up
Checkmate in Berlin by Giles Milton - Picked it up based on the read of the book cover, haven't delved in at all.
In Queen Esther's Garden by Vera Basch Moreen (translator) - This line from the book cover caught my interest: "An anthology of Judeo-Persian literature." -- It's far outside my comfort zone and something I'm excited to dive into.
Did some shopping at the used bookstore tonight
Disclaimer: I work for Wizards of the Coast, makers of Dungeons & Dragons.

We met some friends for dinner, and while we waited for our table to be ready we went next door to Half Price Books. Found some gems. They had more 2nd edition adventures but I only grabbed these two. The handbooks are a little beat up, but I'm thrilled to pick them up. I'm still looking for Player Handbooks from 2nd edition.


